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Albinism ipo hadi kwa wanyama Chukua hiyo.. kwani vinasaba vya albinism wanyama pia wanavyo. tuache unyanyapaa tokomeza ulemavu cc@chamachaalbinomorogoro

Albinism disease

Signs and symptoms

In humans, there are two principal types of albinism: oculocutaneous, affecting the eyes, skin and hair, and ocular affecting the eyes only.

Most people with oculocutaneous albinism appear white or very pale, as the melanin pigments responsible for brown, black, and some yellow colorations are not present. Ocular albinism results in light blue eyes, and may require genetic testing to diagnose.

Because individuals with albinism have skin that entirely lacks the dark pigment melanin, which helps protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, their skin can burn more easily from overexposure.

The human eye normally produces enough pigment to color the iris blue, green or brown and lend opacity to the eye. In photographs, those with albinism are more likely to demonstrate "red eye," due to the red of retina being visible through the iris. Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity.

Those afflicted with albinism are generally as healthy as the rest of the population (but see related disorders below), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality, although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of melanomas (skin cancers) and other problems.

Visual problems

Development of the optical system is highly dependent on the presence of melanin, and the reduction or absence of this pigment in sufferers of albinism may lead to:

• Misrouting of the retinogeniculate projections, resulting in abnormal decussation (crossing) of optic nerve fibres

• Photophobia and decreased visual acuity due to light scattering within the eye (ocular straylight)

• Reduced visual acuity due to foveal hypoplasia and possibly light-induced retinal damage.

Eye conditions common in albinism include:

• Nystagmus, irregular rapid movement of the eyes back and forth, or in circular motion.

• Amblyopia, decrease in acuity of one or both eyes due to poor transmission to the brain, often due to other conditions such as strabismus.

• Optic nerve hypoplasia, underdevelopment of the optic nerve.

Some of the visual problems associated with albinism arise from a poorly developed retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) due to the lack of melanin. This degenerate RPE causes foveal hypoplasia (a failure in the development of normal foveae), which results in eccentric fixation and lower visual acuity, and often a minor level of strabismus.

The iris is a sphincter formed from pigmented tissue that contracts when the eye is exposed to bright light, to protect the retina by limiting the amount of light passing through the pupil. In low light conditions, the iris relaxes to allow more light to enter the eye. In albinistic subjects, the iris does not have enough pigment to block the light, thus the decrease in pupil diameter is only partially successful in reducing the amount of light entering the eye. Additionally, the improper development of the RPE, which in normal eyes absorbs most of the reflected sunlight, further increases glare due to light scattering within the eye. The resulting sensitivity (photophobia) generally leads to discomfort in bright light, but this can be reduced by the use of sunglasses and/or brimmed hats

Albinism Disease

Albinism in humans (from the Latin albus, "white"; see extended etymology, also called achromia, achromasia, or achromatosis) is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. It is the opposite of melanism. Unlike humans, other animals have multiple pigments and for these, albinism is considered to be a hereditary condition characterised by the absence of melanin in particular, in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle.

Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. While an organism with complete absence of melanin is called an albino an organism with only a diminished amount of melanin is described as leucistic or albinoid.

Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus and amblyopia. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers. In rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism may be associated with deficiencies in the transportation of melanin granules. This also affects essential granules present in immune cells leading to increased susceptibility to infection.

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NI VEMA UKAYAJUA HAYA KABLA YA KUINGIA KWENYE NDOA

1. Sherehe ya Harusi ni ya siku moja tu, na Ndoa ni ya maisha yote.

2. Mwanamume/Mwanamke aliyezoea kuchepuka kabla ya Ndoa, ataendelea kuchepuka hata baada ya Ndoa.

3.Upole na ukimya si kiashiria cha tabia njema.

4. Ukikitaka ambacho hakijawahi milikiwa na mtu yeyote, ni lazima ufanye jambo ambalo halijawahi fanywa na mtu yeyote.

5. Mungu akitaka kukubariki hukuletea mtu, na Shetani akitaka kukuangamiza hukuletea mtu.

6. Bora uishi mwenyewe kuliko kuoa ama kuolewa na mtu hasiye sahihi.

7. Aina tatu za wanaume wakuepukwa:
     a) Walevi.                 b) Malaya.                     c)Wagomvi.

8 .Kuolewa na Mchekeshaji hakutakufanya uwe na Ndoa yenye furaha.

9. Maneno matatu yanayojenga amani katika Ndoa:
      a) Nakupenda.        b) Samahani.                c) Asante.

10. Kupiga punyeto ni kujiharibu.

11. Kuoana kabla ya kuwa marafiki ni kama anga bila jua.

12. Mafanikio ya Ndoa siku zote ni pembetatu:
        Mungu mmoja - Mume mmoja - Mke mmoja.

13. Furaha ya kudumu maisha hutegemea na chaguo lako la Ndoa.

14. Usioe pesa au mali  - muoe mtu.

15. Uchumba uliovunjika ni bora zaidi kuliko Ndoa isiyo na amani na furaha.

16. Usiweke kipaumbele chako kwa muonekano mzuri wa mwanamke. Hakuna mwanamke mbaya, bali anahitaji kupendezeshwa.

17. Mapenzi si upofu. Upofu ni kuoa ama kuolewa na mwanamume/mwanamke kwa kigezo tu anakidhi haja zako kingono.

18. Ukiwa rafiki mwema, utawavutia marafiki wema.

19. Asili ya mikono inayojali ni moyo unaojali.

20. Iepuke Ndoa mbaya kabla haijaanza..

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